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QJM Advance Access first published online on April 15, 2009
This version published online on April 21, 2009
QJM, doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcp038
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Physicians. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Tools used in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: what's old and what's new?

G.P. Currie1, A.-M. Kennedy1 and A.R. Denison2

From the 1Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, Scotland, UK and 2University of Aberdeen, Department of Radiology, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK

Address correspondence to: G.P. Currie, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, Scotland, UK. email: graeme.currie@nhs.net

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death in the world. In the UK in 2005, there were around 39 000 new cases of lung cancer and 34 000 deaths due to the condition (http://info.cancerresearchuk.org). Moreover, within the UK, rates of lung cancer in Scotland—especially within urban areas—are far higher than in other areas. While lung cancer incidence in men is falling in the UK, more women are being diagnosed due to increased cigarette smoking.

Over the years, new tools such as positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), oesophageal ultrasound and medical thoracoscopy have been introduced and many studies have evaluated where they may become suitably placed in lung cancer diagnostic and staging algorithms. This evidence-based review provides the reader with an update of current and recently developed strategies in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. All authors . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   How is lung cancer classified and staged?
 

   Why is accurate diagnosis and staging important?
 

   What are the conventional imaging methods used to diagnose and stage lung cancer?
 

   What are the conventional sampling methods used to diagnose and stage lung cancer?
 

   What new techniques are there in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer?
 
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography
Transbronchial needle aspiration
Endobronchial ultrasound needle aspiration
Transoesophageal ultrasound needle aspiration
Medical thoracoscopy

   Conclusions
 

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