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QJM Advance Access published online on July 8, 2005
QJM, doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci096
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Physicians. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received December 3, 2004
Revised June 2, 2005

Original paper

Vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women: a systematic review

S. Gaugris 1, R.P. Heaney 2, S. Boonen 3, H. Kurth 4, J.D. Bentkover 4, and S.S. Sen 5*

1 From the Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
2 From the Creighton University, Omaha, USA
3 From the Leuven University Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
4 From the Innovative Health Solutions Corporation, Brookline, USA
5 From the Outcomes Research Department, Merck & Company, Whitehouse Station, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
S.S. Sen, E-mail: shuvayu_sen{at}merck.com


  Abstract

Background: Vitamin D inadequacy has been studied extensively, due to concerns about ageing populations, associations with osteoporosis and other disorders (including non-musculoskeletal), and high prevalence.

Aim: To review recent reports on the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women with and without osteoporosis and/or other musculoskeletal diseases.

Design: Systematic review.

Methods: We reviewed publications in the past 10 years reporting prevalence estimates for vitamin D inadequacy, reported as serum 25(OH)D values below various levels. Thirty published studies in the English language were identified, from January 1994 through April 2004.

Results: In osteoporotic populations, the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D concentration <12 ng/ml ranged from 12.5% to 76%, while prevalence rates reached 50% to 70% of patients with a history of fracture(s) using a cut-off of 15 ng/ml. In post-menopausal women, the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations <=20 ng/ml ranged from 1.6% to 86% for community-living and institutionalized women, respectively. The most common factors associated with inadequate vitamin D levels included limited sun exposure, lack of dietary vitamin D intake, nursing home environment, wintertime, and increasing age (over 70 years).

Discussion: The prevalence of inadequate vitamin D levels appears to be high in post-menopausal women, especially in those with osteoporosis and history of fracture. Vitamin D supplementation in this group might offer scope for prevention of falls and fracture, especially in elderly and osteoporotic populations.


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