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QJM 2005 98(4):241-246; doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci041
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The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Physicians. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Review

Idiopathic urinary stone disease: possible polygenic aetiological factors

R.W.E. Watts

From the Renal Section, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
About 12% of men and 5% of women of Western European descent develop at least one urinary stone during their lifetime. The incidence is somewhat less in individuals of sub-Saharan African or Asian descent, although there is a high incidence in the Middle Eastern countries. Calcium oxalate is a major constituent of about 70% of these stones. They are of multifactorial origin, with both genetic and environmental factors involved. The genetic factors influence different components of a highly complex system whereby calcium oxalate, which has a very low solubility in water, remains in solution. When the system is perturbed, the calcium oxalate crystallizes, the crystals aggregate and stones form. The genetic factors operate through mechanisms that are less obvious than the environmental ones such as the patient's state of hydration and dietary effects on the concentrations of the relevant ionic species.

It is now generally accepted that the crystallization process . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   Calcium
 

   The calcium-sensing receptor
 

   X-linked calcium oxalate urolithiasis syndromes
 

   Vitamin D synthesis as a possible factor in urinary stone formation
 

   Oxalate metabolism
 

   Nephrocalcin
 

   Osteopontin
 

   The Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (uromodulin)
 

   Prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTF1)
 

   The glycosaminoglycans
 

   Bikunin
 

Address correspondence to Dr R.W.E. Watts, Renal Section, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN


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This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
L. Mo, L. Liaw, A. P. Evan, A. J. Sommer, J. C. Lieske, and X.-R. Wu
Renal calcinosis and stone formation in mice lacking osteopontin, Tamm-Horsfall protein, or both
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): F1935 - F1943.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]