Q J Med 2002; 95: 663-670
© 2002 Association of Physicians
The impact of new diagnostic methodologies in the management of meningitis in adults at a teaching hospital
From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Received 30 January 2002 and in revised form 3 July 2002
Background: Suspected meningitis is a frequent reason for admission to hospital in the UK. While bacterial meningitis requires prompt antibiotic therapy to reduce mortality and morbidity, enteroviral meningitis, the most frequent viral cause, is almost invariably a benign disease.
Aim: To determine the clinical presentation, laboratory findings and outcome of meningitis by microbiological aetiology and patient age, and to assess the clinical management of adults presenting with meningitis, with reference to national guidelines.
Design: Retrospective case-note review.
Methods: Adult (>14 years) admissions to Addenbrooke's Hospital with meningitis or meningococcal septicaemia March 1996–September 2001 were audited retrospectively. The case definition was: symptoms compatible with meningitis, and either abnormal CSF (leukocytes >5x109/ml) or meningococcal disease. The only exclusion criterion was the presence of a ventricular shunt.
Results: Only 30% of patients seen by a General Practitioner were given pre-admission antibiotics. In a substantial number of cases, including those with bacterial meningitis, antibiotic administration was delayed either because patients were sent for CT head scans (delaying a lumbar puncture) or because the diagnosis was not considered, especially in elderly patients with reduced conscious levels. There were no confirmed cases of H. influenzae meningitis. Overall outcomes in terms of mortality and disability were similar to UK national data. A surprising number of patients (40%) were afebrile on admission.
Discussion: The proportion of patients with meningitis given pre-hospital antibiotics by GPs is still worryingly low, although early hospital management has improved. Improved diagnostic facilities, particularly viral PCR assays, reduce antibiotic usage and hospital stay, with considerable financial savings.
Address correspondence to Dr D.R. Chadwick, Department of Infectious Diseases, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ. e-mail: david.chadwick{at}addenbrookes.nhs.uk
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